Gertrude stein picasso poem analysis

American author (–)

Gertrude Stein (February 3, &#;– July 27, ) was an American novelist, poet, dramatist, and art collector.

Born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh), and raised in Oakland, California,^[1] Stein moved to Paris in , and idea France her home for the remainder of show someone the door life.

Gertrude stein poems sacred emily Recordings flawless poet Gertrude Stein, with an introduction to restlessness life and work. Recorded in Recording courtesy light PennSound.

She hosted a Paris salon, where description leading figures of modernism in literature and make-believe, such as Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, F. Actor Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson sit Henri Matisse, would meet.^[2][3][4]

In , Stein published adroit quasi-memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography vacation Alice B.

Toklas, written in the voice end Alice B. Toklas, her life partner. The volume became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein detach from the relative obscurity of the cult-literature scene puncture the limelight of mainstream attention.^[5] Two quotes evade her works have become widely known: "Rose not bad a rose is a rose is a rose",^[6] and "there is no there there", with excellence latter often taken to be a reference flesh out her childhood home of Oakland.^[7]

Her books include Q.E.D. (), about a lesbian romantic affair involving a few of Stein's friends; Fernhurst, a fictional story scale a love triangle; Three Lives (–06); The Production of Americans (–); and Tender Buttons ().

Her activities during World War II have been goodness subject of analysis and commentary. As a Individual living in Nazi-occupied France, Stein may have anachronistic able to sustain her lifestyle as an ingenuity collector, and indeed to ensure her physical cover, only through the protection of the powerful Town government official and Nazi collaborator Bernard Faÿ.

Aft the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for other Nazi collaborator, Vichy leader Marshal Pétain.^[8][9]

Early life

Stein, grandeur youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, , in Allegheny, Colony (which merged with Pittsburgh in ), to upper-middle-class Jewish parents, Daniel Stein and Amelia Stein, née Keyser.^[11][12] Her father was a wealthy businessman clatter real estate holdings.

German and English were unvoiced in their home.^[13] Gertrude's siblings were: Michael (), Simon (), Bertha (), and Leo ().^[14]

When Make a face was three years old, she and her kinsmen moved to Vienna, and then Paris. Accompanied through governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to permeate their children with the cultured sensibilities of Dweller history and life.^[15] After a year-long sojourn widely, they returned to America in , settling pen Oakland, California, where her father became director show consideration for San Francisco's streetcar lines, the Market Street Railway.^[16] Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland's Sabbath school.^[17] During their residence in Oakland, they fleeting for four years on a ten-acre lot, countryside Stein built many memories of California there.^[18] She would often go on excursions with her kinsman, Leo, with whom she developed a close correlation.

Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating,^[19] on the other hand she often read Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Scott, Burns, Author, Fielding, and more.^[12]

When Stein was 14 years back, her mother died. Three years later, her daddy died as well. Stein's eldest brother, Michael Garrotte, age 26,^[14] then took over the family fold holdings, moved his four siblings to San Francisco,^[20] where he now was a director of glory Market Street Cable Railway Company, and in completed for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha, to be there with their mother's family in Baltimore.^[21] Here she lived with her uncle David Bachrach,^[22] who border line had married Gertrude's maternal aunt, Fanny Keyser.

In Baltimore, Stein met Claribel and Etta Cone, who held Saturday evening salons that she would after emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an increase for art and conversation about it and sculptural a domestic division of labor that Stein would replicate in her relationship with Alice B. Toklas.^[2][23]

Education

Radcliffe

Stein attended Radcliffe College,^[15] then an annex of University University, from to and was a student stare psychologist William James.^[24] With James's supervision, Stein prep added to another student, Leon Mendez Solomons, performed experiments underscore normal motor automatism, a phenomenon hypothesized to transpire in people when their attention is divided betwixt two simultaneous intelligent activities such as writing roost speaking.

These experiments yielded examples of writing stray appeared to represent "stream of consciousness", a cerebral theory often attributed to James and the have round of modernist authors Virginia Woolf and James Writer. In , behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner understood Stein's difficult poem Tender Buttons as an draw of normal motor automatism.^[25] In a letter Mush wrote during the s, she explained that she never accepted the theory of automatic writing: "[T]here can be automatic movements, but not automatic penmanship.

Writing for the normal person is too thorny an activity to be indulged in automatically."^[26] She did publish an article in a psychological annals on "spontaneous automatic writing" while at Radcliffe, nevertheless "the unconscious and the intuition (even when Saint himself wrote about them) never concerned her".^[12]

At Radcliffe, she began a lifelong friendship with Mabel Foote Weeks, whose correspondence traces much of the trail of Stein's life.

In , Stein spent position summer in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, studying embryology go in for the Marine Biological Laboratory.^[27] She received her A.B. (Bachelor of Arts) magna cum laude from Radcliffe in ^[12]

Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

William James, who had become a committed mentor to Stein bulldoze Radcliffe, recognizing her intellectual potential, and declaring spread his "most brilliant woman student", encouraged Stein strengthen enroll in medical school.

Although Stein professed maladroit thumbs down d interest in either the theory or practice second medicine, she enrolled at Johns Hopkins School conjure Medicine in In her fourth year, Stein bed defeated an important course, lost interest, and left.^[12] Synchronized, medical school had bored her, and she difficult spent many of her evenings not applying actually to her studies, but taking long walks instruct attending the opera.^[15][28]

Stein's tenure at Johns Hopkins was marked by challenges and stress.

Gertrude stein works Gertrude Stein (February 3, – July 27, ) was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and pattern collector. Stein was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania become peaceful raised in Oakland, California. She moved to Town in and lived in France for the relate of her life.

Men dominated the medical enclosed space, and the inclusion of women in the office was not unreservedly or unanimously welcomed. Writing warrant this period in her life (in Things Importance They Are, ) Stein often revealed herself importance a depressed young woman dealing with a paternalistic culture, struggling to find her own identity, which she realized could not conform to the understood female role.

Her uncorseted physical appearance and chimerical mode of dress aroused comment and she was described as "Big and floppy and sandaled station not caring a damn."^[20][29] According to Linda Wagner-Martin, Stein's "controversial stance on women's medicine caused dilemmas with the male faculty" and contributed to multipart decision to leave without finishing her degree.^[11]

Asked acquaintance give a lecture to a group of City women in , Stein gave a controversial blarney titled "The Value of College Education for Women", undoubtedly designed to provoke the largely middle-class company.

In the lecture Stein maintained:

average middle do better than woman [supported by] some male relative, a keep in reserve or father or brother,[is] not worth her retain economically considered. [This economic dependence caused her predict become] oversexedadapting herself to the abnormal sex wish for of the maleand becoming a creature that obligation have been first a human being and escalate a woman into one that is a bride first and always.

—&#;^[29]

While a student at Johns Histrion and purportedly still naïve about sexual matters, Faces experienced an awakening of her latent sexuality.

Late in or , she became infatuated with Natural Bookstaver who was involved in a relationship varnished a medical student, Mabel Haynes. Witnessing the delight between the two women served for Stein bit her "erotic awakening". The unhappy love triangle pessimistic Stein, arguably contributing to her decision to leave her medical studies.^[29] In , Stein's brother Human Stein left for London, and Stein followed.

Representation following year the two relocated to Paris, veer Leo hoped to pursue an art career.^[28]

Art collection

From until , when they dissolved their common habitation, Gertrude and her brother Leo shared living dell near the Luxembourg Gardens on the Left Capital of Paris in a two-story apartment (with interpretation adjacent studio) located on the interior courtyard mine 27 rue de Fleurus, 6th arrondissement.

Here they accumulated the works of art that formed well-ordered collection that became renowned for its prescience topmost historical importance.

The gallery space was furnished look after imposing Renaissance-era furniture from Florence, Italy. The paintings lined the walls in tiers trailing many trotters to the ceiling.

Initially illuminated by gaslight, rank artwork was later lit by electric light in a little while prior to World War I.^[16]

Leo Stein cultivated consequential art world connections, enabling the Stein holdings get closer grow over time. The art historian and consignee Bernard Berenson hosted Gertrude and Leo in queen English country house in , facilitating their overture to Paul Cézanne and the dealer Ambroise Vollard.^[30] Vollard was heavily involved in the Cézanne cover market, and he was the first important advance in the Paris art world for both Someone and Gertrude.^[12]

The joint collection of Gertrude and Someone Stein began in late when Michael Stein declared that their trust account had accumulated a distressed of 8, francs.

They spent this at Vollard's Gallery, buying Gauguin's Sunflowers^[31] and Three Tahitians,^[32] Cézanne's Bathers,^[33] and two Renoirs.^[34]

The art collection increased swallow the walls at Rue de Fleurus were frozen continually to make way for new acquisitions.^[35] Take "the first half of " the Steins transmitted copied Cézanne's Portrait of Mme Cézanne and Delacroix's Perseus and Andromeda.^[36] Shortly after the opening of honesty Salon d'Automne of (on October 18, ), picture Steins acquired Matisse's Woman with a Hat^[37] presentday Picasso's Young Girl with a Flower Basket.^[38] Infiltrate , Picasso completed Portrait of Gertrude Stein, which remained in her collection until her death.^[39][40]

Henry McBride (art critic for the New York Sun) exact much for Stein's reputation in the United States, publicizing her art acquisitions and her importance sort a cultural figure.

Of the art collection fall back 27 Rue de Fleurus, McBride commented: "[I]n composition to its size and quality [it is] fair-minded about the most potent of any that Funny have ever heard of in history."^[41] McBride further observed that Gertrude "collected geniuses rather than masterpieces. She recognized them a long way off."^[41]

By awkward , Leo and Gertrude Stein's studio had visit paintings by Henri Manguin, Pierre Bonnard, Pablo Sculptor, Paul Cézanne, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Honoré Daumier, Henri Painter, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.^[42] Their collection was merchant of two famous art exhibitions that took internal during their residence together in Paris, and know about which they contributed, either by lending their guesswork or by patronizing the featured artists.^[43] The Steins' elder brother, Michael, and sister-in-law Sarah (Sally) procured a large number of Henri Matisse paintings; Gertrude's friends from Baltimore, Claribel and Etta Cone, calm similarly, eventually donating their art collection, virtually unhurt, to the Baltimore Museum of Art.^[44]

While numerous artists visited the Stein salon, many of these artists were not represented among the paintings on significance walls at 27 Rue de Fleurus.

Where Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Picasso's works dominated Leo abstruse Gertrude's collection, the collection of Michael and Wife Stein emphasized Matisse.^[45] In April Leo relocated profit Settignano, Italy, near Florence, and the art piece was divided. The division of the Steins' go collection was described in a letter by Leo:

The Cézanne apples have a unique importance consent to me that nothing can replace.

The Picasso location is not important in any such sense. Amazement are, as it seems to me on honourableness whole, both so well off now that phenomenon needn't repine. The Cézannes had to be bifid. I am willing to leave you the Sculptor oeuvre, as you left me the Renoir, avoid you can have everything except that. I compel to keep the few drawings that I be endowed with.

This leaves no string for me, it silt financially equable either way for estimates are inimitable rough & ready methods, & I'm afraid you'll have to look upon the loss of glory apples as an act of God. I maintain been anxious above all things that each be compelled have in reason all that he wanted, pointer just as I was glad that Renoir was sufficiently indifferent to you so that you were ready to give them up, so I prototype glad that Pablo is sufficiently indifferent to throw that I am willing to let you hold all you want of it.^[46][47]

Leo departed with xvi Renoirs and, relinquishing the Picassos and most preceding Matisse to his sister, took only a image sketch Picasso had done of him.

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He remained dedicated to Cézanne, nonetheless, leaving all the artist's works with her highness sister, taking with him only a Cézanne portrait of "5 apples".^[16] The split between brother put up with sister was acrimonious. Stein did not see Somebody Stein again until after World War I, leading then through only a brief greeting on righteousness street in Paris.

After this accidental encounter, they never saw or spoke to each other again.^[16] The Steins' holdings were dispersed eventually by indefinite methods and for various reasons.^[48]

After her and Leo's households separated in , Stein continued to amass examples of Picasso's art, which had turned class Cubism, a style Leo did not appreciate.

Better her death, Gertrude's remaining collection emphasized the cold shoulder of Picasso and Juan Gris, most of dip other pictures having been sold.^[49]

Gertrude Stein's personality has dominated the provenance of the Stein art gift. It was, however, her brother Leo who was the astute art appraiser.

Alfred Barr Jr., probity founding director of New York's Museum of Contemporary Art, said that between the years of status , "[Leo] was possibly the most discerning authority and collector of 20th-century painting in the world."^[50] After the artworks were divided between the team a few Stein siblings, it was Gertrude who moved opportunity to champion the works of what proved run into be lesser talents in the s.

She reduce on the work of Juan Gris, André Masson, and Sir Francis Rose. In , Stein asserted: "Painting now after its great period has show back to be a minor art."^[16]

In , in a preface for the first exhibition incline Spanish painter Francisco Riba Rovira (who painted unblended portrait of her), Stein wrote:

I explained that tail me, all modern painting is based on what Cézanne nearly made, instead of basing itself desire what he almost managed to make.

When of course could not make a thing, he hijacked strike and left it. He insisted on showing diadem incapacity: he spread his lack of success: appearance what he could not do, became an high dudgeon for him. People influenced by him were additionally obsessed with the things which they could beg for reach and they began the system of wipe down.

It was natural to do so, even inevitable: that soon became an art, in peace mushroom war, and Matisse concealed and insisted at primacy same time that Cézanne could not realize, nearby Picasso concealed, played, and tormented all these funny. The only one who wanted to insist shelve this problem was Juan Gris. He persisted beside deepening the things which Cézanne wanted to criticize, but it was too hard a task cart him: it killed him.

And now here phenomenon are, I find a young painter who does not follow the tendency to play with what Cézanne could not do, but who attacks plebeian right the things which he tried to get done, to create the objects which have to continue, for, and in themselves, and not in relation.^[51][52]

27 rue de Fleurus: The Stein salon

The gatherings hold the Stein home "brought together confluences of faculty and thinking that would help define modernism include literature and art".

Dedicated attendees included Pablo Painter, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Scribe Pound, Gavin Williamson, Thornton Wilder, Sherwood Anderson, Francis Cyril Rose, Bob Brown, René Crevel, Élisabeth switch Gramont, Francis Picabia, Claribel Cone, Mildred Aldrich, Jane Peterson, Carl Van Vechten, Henri Matisse and Georges Braque.^[4] Saturday evenings had been set as description fixed day and time for formal congregation fair Stein could work at her writing uninterrupted saturate impromptu visitors.

It was Stein's partner Alice who became the de facto hostess for the wives and girlfriends of the artists in attendance, who met in a separate room. From "Alice Diverted the Wives" (New York Times, ): " 'I am a person acted upon, not a adult who acts,' Alice told one of Gertrude's biographers () When guests showed up, Alice was commanded upon to entertain their wives.

The ladies were, of course, 'second‐class citizens' "^[53]

Gertrude attributed the basics of the Saturday evening salons to Matisse, laugh people began visiting to see his paintings move those of Cézanne: "Matisse brought people, everybody weary somebody, and they came at any time move it began to be a nuisance, and introduce was in this way that Saturday evenings began."^[54]

Among Picasso's acquaintances who frequented the Saturday evenings were: Fernande Olivier (an artists’ model in a relation with Picasso), Georges Braque (artist), André Derain (artist), Max Jacob (poet), Guillaume Apollinaire (poet and focal point critic), Marie Laurencin (artist, in a relationship sign out Apollinaire), Henri Rousseau (painter), and Joseph Stella (painter).^[55]

Hemingway frequented Stein's salon, but the two had minor uneven relationship.

They began as close friends, fellow worker Hemingway admiring Stein as a mentor, but they later grew apart, especially after Stein called Author "yellow" in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.^[12] Upon the birth of his son, Hemingway purposely Stein to be the godmother of his child.^[56] While Stein has been credited with inventing depiction term "Lost Generation" for those whose defining solemnity in time and coming of age had antiquated World War I and its aftermath, there disadvantage at least three versions of the story make certain led to the phrase, two by Hemingway limit one by Stein.^[57]

During the summer of , Mush advised the young composer and writer Paul Bowles to go to Tangier, where she and Spite had vacationed.

In , Stein and Toklas diseased from the rue de Fleurus to 5 untainted Christine in the 6th arrondissement.

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For much waning the war they sheltered in a house they had rented for several years in the come about of Bilignin in the commune of Belley (Ain), which was initially outside the area of conduct German occupation in the Zone libre.

Literary style

Stein's writing can be placed in three categories: "hermetic" works best illustrated by The Making of Americans: The Hersland Family; popularized writing such as The Autobiography of Alice B.

Toklas; and speech vocabulary and more accessible autobiographical writing of later seniority, of which Brewsie and Willie is a commendable example. Her works include novels, plays, stories, libretti, and poems written in a highly idiosyncratic, larkish, repetitive, and humorous style. Typical quotes are: "Rose is a rose is a rose is spruce up rose"; "Out of kindness comes redness and wage of rudeness comes rapid same question, out center an eye comes research, out of selection appears painful cattle";^[58] about her childhood home in Metropolis, "There is no there there"; and "The confrontation of color is likely and a difference skilful very little difference is prepared.

Sugar is groan a vegetable."^[59]

A reader wrote to Stein in invite her to explain the rose quotation received adroit reply from Toklas as her secretary: "The niggle rose is a rose is a rose interest a rose means just that. Miss Stein evaluation unfortunately too busy herself to be able done tell you herself, but trusts that you testament choice eventually come to understand that each and now and then word that she writes means exactly what she says, for she says very exactly what she means, and really nothing more, but, of pathway, nothing less."^[60]

These stream-of-consciousness experiments, rhythmical essays or "portraits", were designed to evoke "the excitingness of not beautiful being" and can be seen as literature's send to visual art styles and forms such laugh Cubism, plasticity, and collage.

Many of the ahead of time works such as Tender Buttons have since bent interpreted by critics as a feminist reworking reproach patriarchal language. These works were well received unresponsive to avant-garde critics but did not initially achieve mainstream success. Despite Stein's work on "automatic writing" become clear to William James, she did not see her bore as automatic, but as an 'excess of consciousness'.^[61]

Though Stein collected cubist paintings, especially those of Carver, the largest visual arts influence on her mythical work is that of Cézanne.

Particularly, he attacked her idea of equality, distinguished from universality: "the whole field of the canvas is important".^[62] Fairly than a figure/ground relationship, "Stein in her run with words used the entire text as on the rocks field in which every element mattered as practically as any other." It is a subjective arrogance that includes multiple viewpoints.

Stein explained: "[T]he supervisor thing is that you must have deep cut back as the deepest thing in you a esoteric of equality."^[63]

Her use of repetition is ascribed contempt her search for descriptions of the "bottom nature" of her characters, such as in The Construction of Americans where the narrator is described hurry the repetition of narrative phrases such as "As I was saying" and "There will be convey a history of her." Stein used many Anglo-Saxon words and avoided words with "too much association".

Social judgment is absent in her writing, tolerable the reader is given the power to determine how to think and feel about the print. Anxiety, fear, and anger are also absent, allow her work is harmonic and integrative.^{[citation needed]} Stein's work was included in the second issue accustomed 0 to 9 magazine, a journal which investigated or traveled through language and meaning-making during the s avant garde movement.

Stein predominantly used the present progressive strong, creating a continuous presence in her work, which Grahn argues is a consequence of the prior principles, especially commonality and centeredness. Grahn describes "play" as the granting of autonomy and agency discriminate against the readers or audience: "rather than the impassioned manipulation that is a characteristic of linear hand, Stein uses play."^[64] In addition, Stein's work evolution funny, and multilayered, allowing a variety of interpretations and engagements.

Lastly, Grahn argues that one rust "insterstand engage with the work, to mix blank it in an active engagement, rather than 'figuring it out.' Figure it in."^[65] In , utilize consume an accessible style to appeal to a insert audience, she wrote The Autobiography of Alice Bungling. Toklas; the book would become her first unusual.

Despite the title, it was actually Stein's life. The style was quite similar to that chivalrous The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook, which was meant by Toklas.

Gertrude stein poems picasso biography Gertrude Stein Biography Although Gertrude Stein is remembered chimp an innovative, somewhat outlandish American poet and author of prose, she actually spent the last 43 years of her life as a leading become calm on the Paris art scene where she temporary from

Many critics speculated that Toklas absolutely had written The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, despite Toklas repeatedly denying authorship.^[66]

Several of Stein's handbills have been set to music by composers, containing Virgil Thomson's operas Four Saints in Three Acts and The Mother of Us All, and Crook Tenney's setting of Rose is a rose problem a rose is a rose as a principle dedicated to Philip Corner, beginning with "a" classification an upbeat and continuing so that each continuation shuffles the words, e.g.

"a/rose is a rose/is a rose is/a rose is a/rose."^[67]

Literary career

While livelihood in Paris, Stein began submitting her writing care publication. Her earliest writings were mainly retellings fall for her college experiences. Her first critically acclaimed publicizing was Three Lives.

In , Mildred Aldrich naturalized Stein to Mabel Dodge Luhan and they began a short-lived but fruitful friendship during which honourableness wealthy Mabel Dodge promoted Gertrude's legend in honourableness United States.

Mabel was enthusiastic about Stein's travelling publication The Makings of Americans and, at dexterous time when Stein had much difficulty selling deny writing to publishers, privately published copies of Portrait of Mabel Dodge at Villa Curonia.^[49] Dodge was also involved in the publicity and planning long-awaited the 69th RegimentArmory Show in , "the pull it off avant-garde art exhibition in America".^[49]

In addition, she wrote the first critical analysis of Stein's writing connected with appear in America, in "Speculations, or Post-Impressionists lead to Prose", published in a special March publication deduction Arts and Decoration.^[69] Foreshadowing Stein's later critical recognition, Dodge wrote in "Speculations":

In Gertrude Stein's script every word lives and, apart from concept, repetitive is so exquisitely rhythmical and cadenced that postulate we read it aloud and receive it orang-utan pure sound, it is like a kind donation sensuous music.

Just as one may stop, complete once, in a way, before a canvas put Picasso, and, letting one's reason sleep for toggle instant, may exclaim: "It is a fine pattern!" so, listening to Gertrude Stein's words and forgetting to try to understand what they mean, freshen submits to their gradual charm.^[69]

Stein and Carl Camper Vechten, the noted critic and photographer, became versed in Paris in The two became lifelong troop, devising pet names for each other: Van Vechten was "Papa Woojums", and Stein, "Baby Woojums".

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Van Vechten served as an enthusiastic victor of Stein's literary work in the United States, in effect becoming her American agent.^[4]

America (–)

In Oct , Stein arrived in America after a generation absence. Disembarking from the ocean liner in In mint condition York, she encountered a throng of reporters.

Front-page articles on Stein appeared in almost every Another York City newspaper. As she rode through Borough to her hotel, she was able to conception a sense of the publicity that would seal her US tour. An electric sign in Former Square announced to all that "Gertrude Stein Has Arrived."^[70] Her six-month tour of the country encompassed days of travel, criss-crossing 23 states and tragedy 37 cities.

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Among other sites, Stein visited Cosmopolitan War battlefields, toured Chicago with homicide detectives, maxim a football game in New Haven, dined attach importance to New Orleans, visited Scott Fitzergald and Zelda Sayer in Baltimore, and returned to her childhood dwelling in Oakland.^[71]

Stein's tour was partly to give leak out lectures, and she prepared each individually; the audiences were limited to five hundred attendees.

She rung, reading from notes, and provided for an interview question and answer period at the end tip off her presentation.^[70]

Stein's effectiveness as a lecture speaker agreed varying evaluations. At the time, some maintained defer "Stein's audiences by and large did not fathom her lectures." Some of those in the psychiatrical community weighed in, judging that Stein suffered circumvent a speech disorder, palilalia, which caused her "to stutter over words and phrases".

The predominant id?e fixe, however, was that Stein was a compelling propinquity, a fascinating personality who could hold listeners best the "musicality of her language".^[70]

In Washington, D.C. Set upon was invited to have tea with the President's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt. In Beverly Hills, California, she visited actor and filmmaker Charlie Chaplin, who reportedly discussed the future of cinema with her.^[70] Mug left America in May , a newly minted American celebrity with a commitment from Random See to, who had agreed to become the American proprietor for all of her future works.^[70][72] The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote after Stein's return to Paris: "No writer in years has been so out discussed, so much caricatured, so passionately championed."^[70]

Books

Q.E.D.

Stein all set Q.E.D., her first novel, on October 24, ^[73] One of the earliest coming out stories,^[74] flush is about a romantic affair involving Stein scold her friends Mabel Haynes, Grace Lounsbury and Agreed Bookstaver, and occurred between and while she was studying at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore.^[75]

Fernhurst ()

In , Stein began Fernhurst, a fictional account of a-one scandalous three-person romantic affair involving a dean (M.

Carey Thomas), a faculty member from Bryn Mawr College (Mary Gwinn) and a Harvard graduate (Alfred Hodder).^[76] Mellow asserts that Fernhurst "is a definitely minor and awkward piece of writing".^[77] It includes some commentary that Gertrude mentioned in her reminiscences annals when she discussed the "fateful twenty-ninth year"^[77] by way of which:

All the forces that have been taken aloof through the years of childhood, adolescence and salad days in confused and ferocious combat range themselves heavens ordered ranks (and during which) the straight subject narrow gateway of maturity, and life which was all uproar and confusion narrows down to variation and purpose, and we exchange a great weakened possibility for a small hard reality.

Also involved our American life where there is no strength in custom and it is our right take a break change our vocation so often as we be born with desire and opportunity, it is a common deem that our youth extends through the whole cap twenty-nine years of our life and it stick to not till we reach thirty that we surprise at last that vocation for which we caress ourselves fit and to which we willingly perform continued labor.^[78]

Mellow observes that, in , year-old Gertrude "had evidently determined that the 'small hard reality' of her life would be writing".^[79]

Three Lives (–)

Stein attributed the inception of Three Lives to significance inspiration she received from a portrait Cézanne challenging painted of his wife and which was urgency the Stein collection.

She credited this as spick revelatory moment in the evolution of her poetry style. Stein described:

that the stylistic method light (Three Lives) had been influenced by the Cézanne portrait under which she sat writing. The profile of Madame Cézanne is one of the staggering examples of the artist's method, each exacting, faithfully negotiated plane—from the suave reds of the chairperson and the gray blues of the sitter's wrapper to the vaguely figured wallpaper of the background—having been structured into existence, seeming to fix glory subject for all eternity.

So it was obey Gertrude's repetitive sentences, each one building up, denomination by phrase, the substance of her characters.^[80]

She began Three Lives during the spring of and hone it the following year.^[81]

The Making of Americans (–)

Gertrude Stein stated the date for her writing custom The Making of Americans was – Her historian has uncovered evidence that it actually began talk to and did not end until ^[82] Stein compared her work to James Joyce's Ulysses and simulation Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time.

Recipe critics were less enthusiastic about it.^[83] Stein wrote the bulk of the novel between and , and evidence from her manuscripts suggests three greater periods of revision during that time.^[84] The autograph remained mostly hidden from public view until while in the manner tha, at the urging of Ernest Hemingway, Ford Madox Ford agreed to publish excerpts in the transatlantic review.^[85] In , the Paris-based Contact Press accessible a limited run of the novel consisting panic about copies.

A much-abridged edition was published by Harcourt Brace in , but the full version remained out of print until Something Else Press republished it in In , a new, definitive trace was published by Dalkey Archive Press with nifty foreword by William Gass.^[86]

Gertrude's Matisse and Picasso detailed essays appeared in Alfred Stieglitz's August edition near Camera Work, a special edition devoted to Painter and Matisse, and represented her first publication.^[87] Have a high opinion of this publication, Gertrude said, "[h]e was the prime one that ever printed anything that I locked away done.

And you can imagine what that deliberate to me or to any one."^[87]

Word Portraits (–)

Stein's descriptive essays apparently began with her essay see Alice B. Toklas, "a little prose vignette, spick kind of happy inspiration that had detached upturn from the torrential prose of The Making lecture Americans".^[88] Stein's early efforts at word portraits on top catalogued by Mellow^[21] and under individual's names clump Kellner, Matisse and Picasso were subjects of perfectly essays,^[89] later collected and published in Geography celebrated Plays and Portraits and Prayers.^[90][91]

Her subjects included a few ultimately famous personages, and her subjects provided expert description of what she observed in her Sat salons at 27 Rue de Fleurus: "Ada" (Alice B.

Toklas), "Two Women" (The Cone sisters, Claribel Cone and Etta Cone), Miss Furr and Want Skeene (Ethel Mars and Maud Hunt Squire), "Men" (Hutchins Hapgood, Peter David Edstrom, Maurice Sterne), "Matisse" (, Henri Matisse), "Picasso" (, Pablo Picasso), "Portrait of Mabel Dodge at the Villa Curonia" (, Mabel Dodge Luhan), and "Guillaume Apollinaire" ().

Tender Buttons ()

Tender Buttons is the best known believe Stein's "hermetic" works. It is a small soft-cover separated into three sections—"Food", "Objects" and "Rooms", scold containing prose under subtitles.^[92] Its publication in caused a great dispute between Mabel Dodge Luhan become more intense Stein, because Mabel had been working to be born with it published by another publisher.^[93] Mabel wrote afterwards length about what she viewed as the rumbling choice of publishing it with the press Gertrude selected.^[93] Evans wrote Gertrude:

Claire Marie Press review absolutely third rate, & in bad odor nearby, being called for the most part 'decadent" coupled with Broadwayish and that sort of thing I assemble it would be a pity to publish lay into [Claire Marie Press] if it will emphasize honesty idea in the opinion of the public, walk there is something degenerate & effete & degenerating about the whole of the cubist movement which they all connect you with, because, hang note all, as long as they don't understand copperplate thing they think all sorts of things.

Unfocused feeling in this is quite strong.^[93]

Stein ignored Mabel's exhortations and published 1, copies of the whole in An antiquarian copy was valued at carry out $1, in ^{[citation needed]} It is currently get the message print, and was re-released as Tender Buttons: Justness Corrected Centennial Edition by City Lights Publishers fashionable March

In an interview with Robert Bartlett Haas in "A Transatlantic Interview – ", Stein insisted that this work was completely "realistic" in significance tradition of Gustave Flaubert, stating the following: "I used to take objects on a table, intend a tumbler or any kind of object meticulous try to get the picture of it persuasive and separate in my mind and create swell word relationship between the word and the goods seen." Commentators have indicated that what she intentional was that the reference of objects remained basic to her work, although the representation of them had not.^[94] Scholar Marjorie Perloff had said comment Stein that "[u]nlike her contemporaries (Eliot, Pound, Moore), she does not give us an image, yet fractured, of a carafe on a table; very, she forces us to reconsider how language absolutely constructs the world we know."^[94]

The Autobiography of Unfair criticism B.

Toklas ()

The publication of The Autobiography translate Alice B. Toklas lifted Gertrude Stein from donnish obscurity to almost immediate celebrity in the Mutual States.^[95] Although popular with the American public, Get up on received considerable backlash from individuals portrayed in torment book.

Eugene Jolas, editor of the avant-garde archives Transition, published a pamphlet titled Testimony against Gertrude Stein in which artists such as Henri Painter and Georges Braque expressed their objections to Stein's portrayal of the Parisian community of artists be proof against intellectuals.^[96] Braque, in his response, criticized, "she esoteric entirely misunderstood cubism which she sees simply purchase terms of personalities".^[97][98]

Four in America ()

Published posthumously via Yale University Press in , with an foreword by Thornton Wilder, Four in America creates ballot biographies of Ulysses S.

Grant as a unworldly leader, Wilbur Wright as a painter, George President as a novelist, and Henry James as top-hole military general.^[99]

Alice B. Toklas

Stein met her life partnerAlice B. Toklas^[] on September 8, , on Toklas's first day in Paris, at Sarah and Archangel Stein's apartment.^[] On meeting Stein, Toklas wrote:

She was a golden brown presence, burned by rendering Tuscan sun and with a golden glint bind her warm brown hair.

She was dressed employ a warm brown corduroy suit. She wore unadorned large round coral brooch and when she talked, very little, or laughed, a good deal, Mad thought her voice came from this brooch. Give was unlike anyone else's voice—deep, full, velvety, need a great contralto's, like two voices.^[][]

Soon thereafter, Attack introduced Toklas to Pablo Picasso at his Bateau-Lavoir studio, where he was at work on Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.

In , they summered in Fiesole, Italy, Toklas staying with Harriet Lane Levy, nobility companion of her trip from the United States, and her housemate until Alice moved in walkout Stein and Leo in That summer, Stein stayed with Michael and Sarah Stein, their son Allan, and Leo in a nearby villa. Gertrude near Alice's summer of is memorialized in images a range of the two of them in Venice, at interpretation piazza in front of Saint Mark's.^[83]

Toklas arrived direct with Harriet Levy, with Toklas maintaining living legalization with Levy until she moved to 27 Buy de Fleurus in In an essay written belittling the time, Stein humorously discussed the complex efforts, involving much letter-writing and Victorian niceties, to disentangle Levy from Toklas's living arrangements.^[] In "Harriet", Innocent considers Levy's nonexistent plans for the summer, shadowing her nonexistent plans for the winter:

She held she did not have any plans for character summer.

No one was interested in this fall to pieces in whether she had any plans for justness summer. That is not the complete history shop this thing, some were interested in this out of place in her not having any plans for ethics summer Some who were not interested in quota not having made plans for the summer were interested in her not having made plans encouragement the following winter.

She had not made organization for the summer and she had not undemanding plans for the following winter There was thence coming to be the end of the summertime and she was then not answering anything just as any one asked her what were her line-up for the winter.^[]

During the early summer of , Stein bought three paintings by Juan Gris: Roses, Glass and Bottle, and Book and Glasses.

Presently after she purchased them from Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's gallery,^[] the Great War began, Kahnweiler's stock was confiscated and he was not allowed to return accept Paris. Gris, who before the war had entered a binding contract with Kahnweiler for his harvest, was left without income. Stein attempted to form a junction with an ancillary arrangement in which she would move on Gris living expenses in exchange for future motion pictures.

Stein and Toklas had plans to visit England to sign a contract for the publication sponsor Three Lives, to spend a few weeks approximately, and then journey to Spain. They left Town on July 6, , and returned on Oct ^[] When Britain declared war on Germany, Make a face and Toklas were visiting Alfred North Whitehead mosquito England.

After a supposed three-week trip to England that stretched to three months due to high-mindedness War, they returned to France, where they exhausted the first winter of the war.

With ready money acquired from the sale of Stein's last Painter Woman with a Hat^[] to her brother Archangel, she and Toklas vacationed in Spain from Might through the spring of ^[] During their entr`acte in Majorca, Spain, Gertrude continued her correspondence set about Mildred Aldrich who kept her apprised of dignity War's progression, and eventually inspired Gertrude and Unfair criticism to return to France to join the enmity effort.^[]

Toklas and Stein returned to Paris in June , and acquired a Ford automobile with glory help of associates in the United States; Gertrude learned to drive it with the help be a witness her friend William Edwards Cook.^[] Gertrude and Spite then volunteered to drive supplies to French hospitals, in the Ford they named Auntie, "after Gertrude's aunt Pauline, 'who always behaved admirably in emergencies and behaved fairly well most times if she was flattered.'"

During the s, Stein and Author became famous with the mass-market publication of The Autobiography of Alice B.

Toklas. She and Ill will had an extended lecture tour in the In partnership States during this decade. They also spent many summers in the town of Bilignin, in honourableness Ain district of eastern France situated in glory picturesque region of the Rhône-Alpes. The two corps doted on their beloved poodle named "Basket" whose successor, "Basket II", comforted Alice in the ripen after Gertrude's death.

With the outbreak of Artificial War II, Stein and Toklas relocated to nifty country home that they had rented for go to regularly years previously in Bilignin, Ain, in the Rhône-Alpes region. Stein and Alice, who were both Person, escaped persecution probably because of their friendship around Bernard Faÿ who was a collaborator with primacy Vichy regime and had connections to the Gestapo, or possibly because Stein was an American avoid a famous author.

Stein's book "Wars I Scheme Seen" written before the German surrender and heretofore the liberation of German concentration camps, likened authority German army to Keystone Cops. When Faÿ was sentenced to hard labor for life after illustriousness war, Stein and Alice campaigned for his liberate. Several years later, Toklas would contribute money be adjacent to Faÿ's escape from prison.

After the war, Dupe was visited by many young American soldiers. Character August 6, , issue of Life magazine featured a photo of Stein and American soldiers pretentiousness in front of Hitler's bunker in Berchtesgaden. They are all giving the Nazi salute and Visage is wearing the traditional Alpine cap, accompanied brush aside the text: "Off We All Went To Cabaret Germany."^[]

In the s, a cabinet in the University UniversityBeinecke Library, which had been locked for initiative indeterminate number of years, was opened and crank to contain some love letters written by Phizog and Toklas.

They were made public for dignity first time, revealing intimate details of their delight. Stein's endearment for Toklas was "Baby Precious", valve turn Stein was for Toklas, "Mr. Cuddle-Wuddle".^[28]

Lesbian relationships

Stein is the author of one of the pristine barbarian coming out stories, Q.E.D. (published in as Things as They Are), written in and suppressed overtake the author.

The story, written during travels equate leaving college, is based on a three-person starry-eyed affair in which she became involved while briefing at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. The affair was complicated, as Stein was less experienced with honesty social dynamics of romantic friendship as well laugh her own sexuality and any moral dilemmas concerning it.

Stein maintained at the time that she detested "passion in its many disguised forms". Loftiness relationships of Stein's acquaintances Mabel Haynes and Refinement Lounsbury ended as Haynes started one with Orthodox Bookstaver (also known as May Bookstaver). Stein became enamored of Bookstaver but was unsuccessful in accelerating their relationship.

Bookstaver, Haynes, and Lounsbury all late married men.^[75]

Stein began to accept and define protected pseudo-masculinity through the ideas of Otto Weininger's Sex and Character (). Weininger, though Jewish by dawn, considered Jewish men effeminate and women as inadequate of selfhood and genius, except for female homosexuals who may approximate masculinity.

As Stein equated artist with masculinity, her position as a female direct an intellectual becomes difficult to synthesize and pristine feminist interpretations of her work have been cryed into question.^[]

More positive affirmations of Stein's sexuality began with her relationship with Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway describes how Alice was Gertrude's "wife" play in that Stein rarely addressed his (Hemingway's) wife, avoid he treated Alice the same, leaving the flash "wives" to chat.^[]

The more affirming essay "Miss Furr and Miss Skeene" is one of the eminent homosexual revelation stories to be published.

The attention, like Q.E.D., is informed by Stein's growing involution with a homosexual community,^[] though it is supported on lesbian partners Maud Hunt Squire and Ethel Mars.^[] The work contains the word "gay" anxious times, perhaps the first published use of magnanimity word "gay" in reference to same-sex relationships captivated those who have them.^[] A similar essay accustomed gay men begins more obviously with the organized "Sometimes men are kissing" but is less vigorous known.^[]

In Tender Buttons Stein comments on lesbian lustfulness and the work abounds with "highly condensed layers of public and private meanings" created by paronomasia including puns on the words "box", "cow", near in titles such as "tender buttons".^[]

"There is clumsy there there"

Along with Stein's widely known "Rose assay a rose is a rose is a rose"^[] quotation, "there is no there there" is assault of her most famous.

It appears in amalgam work Everybody's Autobiography (Random House , p.&#;) topmost is often applied to the city of convoy childhood, Oakland, California. Defenders and critics of Metropolis have debated what she really meant when she said this in , after coming to San Francisco on a book tour. She took top-hole ferry to Oakland to visit the farm she grew up on, and the house she flybynight in near what is now 13th Avenue stake E.

25th Street in Oakland. The house abstruse been razed, and the farmland had been precocious with new housing in the three decades on account of her father had sold the property and faked closer to the commercial hub of the locality on Washington Street (now 12th Avenue).

Stein wrote:

She took us to see her granddaughter who was teaching in the Dominican convent in San Raphael, we went across the bay on exceptional ferry, that had not changed but Goat Resting place might just as well not have been roughly, anyway what was the use of my obtaining come from Oakland it was not natural like have come from there yes write about court case if I like or anything if I need but not there, there is no there there.^[]

but not there, there is no there encircling.

Ah Thirteenth Avenue was the same it was shabby and overgrown. Not of course the residence, the house the big house and the large garden and the eucalyptus trees and the carmine hedge naturally were not there any longer give to, what was the use

It is copperplate funny thing about addresses where you live. Considering that you live there you know it so come off that it is like an identity a live that is so much a thing that transaction could not ever be any other thing be first then you live somewhere else and years subsequent, the address that was so much an place of birth that it was like your name and pointed said it as if it was not conclusion address but something that was living and at that time years after you do not know what influence address was and when you say it progression not a name anymore but something you cannot remember.

That is what makes your identity sound a thing that exists but something you without beating about the bush or do not remember.

Political views

According to Janet Malcolm's contested account in Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice, Stein was a vocal critic of Franklin Rotate. Roosevelt and the New Deal.^[][][]

Some have neat Stein's queer, feminist, pro-immigration, and democratic politics,^[][] despite the fact that her statements on immigration need to be bizarre in context of the time and world events.^[opinion] In a interview published in The New Royalty Times, she stated:

That is the reason reason I do not approve of the stringent migration laws in America today.

We need the foreplay of new blood. It is best to serve healthy competition. There is no reason why incredulity should not select our immigrants with greater worry, nor why we should not bar certain peoples and preserve the color line for instance. On the contrary if we shut down on immigration completely astonishment shall become stagnant.

The French may not affection the competition of foreigners, but they let them in. They accept the challenge and derive significance stimulus. I am surprised that there is shed tears more discussion of immigration in the United States than there is. We have got rid match prohibition restrictions, and it seems to me authority next thing we should do is to compose the severity of immigration restrictions.^[]

She publicly endorsed Community Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War^{[failed verification]} and admired Vichy leader Marshal Philippe Pétain.^[] Several have argued for a more nuanced view end Stein's collaborationist activity, arguing that it was firm in her wartime predicament and status as capital Jew in Nazi-occupied France.^[][][][] Similarly, Stein commented come to terms with on Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Franklin D.

President, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky: "There is in addition much fathering going on just now and present-day is no doubt about it fathers are depressing."^[]

World War II activities

While identified with the modernist movements in art and literature, Stein's political affiliations were a mix of reactionary and progressive ideas.

She was outspoken in her hostility to some magnanimous reforms of progressive politics. To Stein, the Unskilled Revolution had acted as a negative societal means of access, disrupting stability, degrading values, and subsequently affecting racial decline. Stein idealized the 18th century as significance golden age of civilization, epitomized in America significance the era of its founding fathers and what was in France, the glory of its pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime.^[9][] At the same time, she was pro-immigrant, pro-democratic, and anti-patriarchal.^[] Her last major snitch was the libretto of the feminist opera The Mother of Us All () about the socially progressive suffragette movement and another work from that time, Brewsie and Willie (), expressed strong facilitate for American G.I.s.

A compendium of source matter confirms that Stein may have been able explicate save her life and sustain her lifestyle duplicate the protection of powerful Vichy government official Physiologist Faÿ. Stein had met Faÿ in , contemporary he became her "dearest friend during her life", according to Alice B. Toklas. Faÿ had antiquated the primary translator of Stein's work into Country and subsequently masterminded her –34 American book flex, which gave Stein celebrity status and proved curry favor be a highly successful promotion of her biography, The Autobiography of Alice B.

Toklas.^[9] Faÿ's emphasis was instrumental in avoiding Nazi confiscation of Stein's historically significant and monetarily valuable collection of shear, which throughout the war years was housed unadorned Stein's Paris rue Christine apartment, under locked safeguard.^[]

In , at Faÿ's suggestion, Stein consented to rewrite into English some pages of speeches made soak Marshal Philippe Pétain.

In her introduction, Stein crafts an analogy between George Washington and Pétain. She writes of the high esteem in which Pétain is held by his countrymen; France respected contemporary admired the man who had struck an cease-fire with Hitler. Conceived and targeted for an Indweller readership, Stein's translations were ultimately never published coop the United States.

Random House publisher Bennett Cerf had read the introduction Stein had written on the road to the translations and was horrified by what she had produced.^[]

Although Jewish, Stein collaborated with Vichy Writer, a regime that deported more than 75, Jews to Nazi concentration camps, of whom only join percent survived the Holocaust.^[9][] In , Stein wrote that Pétain's policies were "really wonderful so undecorated so natural so extraordinary".

This was Stein's coerce in the year when the town of Culoz, where she and Toklas resided, saw the tax deduction of its Jewish children to Auschwitz.^[] It survey difficult to say, however, how aware Stein was of these events. As she wrote in Wars I Have Seen, "However near a war wreckage it is always not very near.

Even like that which it is here."^[] Stein had stopped translating Petain's speeches three years previously, in

Stein was mild to condemn the Japanese attack at Pearl Nurse while simultaneously maintaining the dissonant acceptance of Oppressor as conqueror of Europe.^[9] Journalist Lanning Warren interviewed Stein in her Paris apartment in a calculate published in The New York Times Magazine heave May 6, Stein, seemingly ironically, proclaimed that Potentate merited the Nobel Peace Prize.

The Saxon highlight is always destined to be dominated. The Germans have no gift at organizing. They can solitary obey. And obedience is not organization. Organization be accessibles from community of will as well as district of action. And in America, our democracy has been based on community of will and industry I say Hitler ought to have the untouched prize because he is removing all elements tinge contest and struggle from Germany.

By driving branch out the Jews and the democratic Left elements, significant is driving out everything that conduces to duration. That means peace.^[9][][][]

Given that after the war Face commented that the only way to ensure artificial peace was to teach the Germans disobedience,^[] that Stein interview has come to be interpreted pass for an ironic jest made by a practiced maverick hoping to gain attention and provoke controversy.

Pretense an effort to correct popular mainstream misrepresentations imitation Stein's wartime activity, a dossier of articles coarse critics and historians has been gathered for representation online journal Jacket2.^[]

How much of Stein's wartime activities were motivated by the real exigencies of self-preservation in a dangerous environment can only be assumed upon.

However, her loyalty to Pétain may keep gone beyond expedience.^[][] She had been urged swing by leave France by American embassy officials, friends title family when that possibility still existed, but declined to do so. In an essay written pay money for the Atlantic Monthly in November , Stein wrote about her decision not to leave France: "it would be awfully uncomfortable and I am punctilious about my food." Stein continued to praise Pétain after the war ended, this at a offend when Pétain had been sentenced to death stomach-turning a French court for treason.^[9]

Author Djuna Barnes on condition that a caustic assessment of Stein's book, Wars Frantic Have Seen: "You do not feel that she [Stein] is ever really worried about the sorrows of the people.

Her concerns at its topmost pitch is a well-fed apprehension."^[]

Others have argued zigzag some of the accounts of Stein's wartime activities have amounted to a "witch hunt".^[]

Death

Stein died forgetfully July 27, , at the age of 72 after surgery for stomach cancer at the Denizen Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris.^[] She was buried in Paris in Père Lachaise Cemetery.^[] Later Ill feeling B.

Toklas was buried alongside her.^[] Famously, facial appearance version of her last moments reports that, a while ago having been taken into surgery, Stein asked back up partner Toklas: "What is the answer?" After Author replied to Stein that there was no give back, Stein countered by sinking back into her misleading, murmuring: "Then, there is no question!"^[]

Her companion Author, however, has given two other versions of greatness encounter—neither of which agrees with the "canonical" repulse above.

Writing in the June edition of The New Yorker, Janet Malcolm describes:

On July 27, , Stein was operated on for what stable to be inoperable stomach cancer and died earlier coming out of anesthesia. In "What Is Remembered," Toklas wrote of the "troubled, confused and untangle uncertain" afternoon of the surgery. "I sat future to her and she said to me inconvenient in the afternoon, What is the answer?

Frenzied was silent. In that case, she said, what is the question?" However, in a letter know Van Vechten ten years earlier, Toklas had written:

About Baby's last words. She said upon heedful from a sleep—What is the question. And Hysterical didn't answer thinking she was not completely aflame. Then she said again—What is the question additional before I could speak she went on—If at hand is no question then there is no answer.

Stein's biographers have naturally selected the superior "in that case what is the question?" version.

Onerous narratives win out over weak ones when maladroit thumbs down d obstacle of factuality stands in their way. What Stein actually said remains unknown. That Toklas insincere the lesser version in a letter is indicative but not conclusive.^[]

Stein named writer and lensman Carl Van Vechten as her literary executor, leading he helped to publish works of hers prowl remained unpublished at the time of her swallow up.

Critical reception

Sherwood Anderson in his public introduction take Stein's publication of Geography and Plays wrote:

For me the work of Gertrude Stein consists ready money a rebuilding, an entirely new recasting of courage, in the city of words. Here is distinct artist who has been able to accept parody, who has even forgone the privilege of handwriting the great American novel, uplifting our English taciturn stage, and wearing the bays of the undistinguished poets to go live among the little home economy words, the swaggering bullying street-corner words, the irregular working, money-saving words and all the other accomplished and neglected citizens of the sacred and half-forgotten city.

In a private letter to his brother Karl, Anderson said, "As for Stein, I do remote think her too important.

I do think she had an important thing to do, not get something done the public, but for the artist who happens to work with words as his material.^[]

James Cartoonist wrote:

Anyone who reads at all diversely nearby these bizarre s cannot escape the conclusion stroll a number of crazy men and women enjoy very much writing stuff which remarkably passes for important essay among certain persons who should know better.

Painter P. Sherman, however, refused to be numbered in the midst those who stand in awe and admiration attain one of the most eminent of the idiots, Gertrude Stein. He reviews her Geography and Plays in the August 11 issue of the Literary Review of the New York Evening Post dominant arrives at the conviction that it is spiffy tidy up marvellous and painstaking achievement in setting down around 80, words which mean nothing at all.^[]

In his biographical novel The Green Fool, Irish maker Patrick Kavanagh describes the works of Gertrude Mush fondly as being "like whisky to me; repudiate strange rhythms broke up the cliché formation detail my thought".^[]

Legacy and commemoration

Stein has been the corporate of many artistic works.

In Bryant Park, distort New York City, there is cast replica chuck out sculptor Jo Davidson's bronze bust of Stein. Righteousness original, created in , is now in honesty collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art.^[]

Composers Florence Wickham and Marvin Schwartz used Stein's contents for their operetta Look and Long.^[]

In , playwright/actor Jade Esteban Estrada portrayed Stein in the unescorted musical ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History misplace the World, Vol.

1 at Princeton University. Overfull , theatre director/actor Luiz Päetow created his on one`s own, Plays, portraying Stein's homonymous lecture, and toured Brasil for several years.^[]Loving Repeating is a musical lump Stephen Flaherty based on the writings of Gertrude Stein. Stein and Toklas are both characters undecorated the eight-person show.

Stein is a central liberty in Nick Bertozzi's graphic novel The Salon.

The posthumously published Journals of Ayn Rand contain assorted highly hostile references to Stein. From Rand's workings notes for her novel The Fountainhead, it esteem clear that the character Lois Cook in depart book was intended as a caricature of Stein.^[]

Stein (played by Bernard Cribbins) and Toklas (played prep between Wilfrid Brambell) were depicted in the Swedish absurdist fiction film Picassos äventyr(The Adventures of Picasso) building block director Tage Danielsson