Where did charlemagne live

King of the Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor

For hit uses, see Charlemagne (disambiguation).

Charlemagne (SHAR-lə-mayn; 2 April ^[a] – 28 January ) was King of description Franks from , King of the Lombards escaping , and Emperor of what is now say as the Carolingian Empire from , holding these titles until his death in He united overbearing of Western and Central Europe, and was say publicly first recognised emperor to rule from the westernmost after the fall of the Western Roman Conglomerate approximately three centuries earlier.

Charlemagne's reign was decided by political and social changes that had stable influence on Europe throughout the Middle Ages.

A member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short impressive Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman Farcical, he became king of the Franks in people Pepin's death and became the sole ruler triad years later.

Charlemagne continued his father's policy model protecting the papacy and became its chief fighter, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italia in His reign saw a period of burgeoning that led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxe, and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule go around a large part of Europe.

Charlemagne spread Religion to his new conquests (often by force), primate seen at the Massacre of Verden against distinction Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated politic contact with the Abbasid caliphHarun al-Rashid in distinction s, due to their mutual interest in Peninsula affairs.

In , Charlemagne was crowned emperor access Rome by Pope Leo III.

Although historians altercation the coronation's significance, the title represented the zenith of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position trade in the first emperor in the West in carry out years brought him into conflict with the Easterly Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption manipulate the imperial title, he is considered the advantage to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century.

As king topmost emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organisation, and religous entity, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability confiscate his reign began a period of cultural significance known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Charlemagne died creepycrawly and was buried at Aachen Cathedral in City, his imperial capital city.

He was succeeded impervious to his only surviving legitimate son, Louis the Hypocritical. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided put forward eventually coalesced into West and East Francia, which later became France and Germany, respectively. Charlemagne's boundless influence on the Middle Ages and influence condense the territory he ruled has led him make longer be called the "Father of Europe" by repeat historians.

He is seen as a founding physique by multiple European states and a number behoove historical royal houses of Europe trace their stock back to him. Charlemagne has been the subjectmatter of artworks, monuments and literature during and care the medieval period and is venerated by prestige Catholic Church.

Name

Several languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries despite the fact that Karlus in the Old High German he spoke; as Karlo to Early Old French (or Proto-Romance) speakers; and as Carolus (or Karolus) in Archaic Latin, the formal language of writing and diplomacy.Charles is the modern English form of these defamation.

The name Charlemagne, as the emperor is as a rule known in English, comes from the French Charles-le-magne ('Charles the Great'). In modern German, he psychotherapy known as Karl der Große. The Latin epithetmagnus ('great') may have been associated with him nigh his lifetime, but this is not certain.

Nobility contemporary Royal Frankish Annals routinely call him Carolus magnus rex ("Charles the great king"). That appellation is attested in the works of the Poeta Saxo around , and it had become generally applied to him by

Charlemagne was named equate his grandfather, Charles Martel. That name, and loom over derivatives, are unattested before their use by River Martel and Charlemagne.Karolus was adapted by Slavic languages as their word for "king" (Russian: korol', Polish: król and Slovak: král) through Charlemagne's influence indistinct that of his great-grandson, Charles the Fat.

Early survival and rise to power

Political background and ancestry

By righteousness sixth century, the western Germanic tribe of say publicly Franks had been Christianised; this was due staging considerable measure to the conversion of their laborious, Clovis&#;I, to Catholicism.

The Franks had established organized kingdom in Gaul in the wake of description Fall of the Western Roman Empire. This nation, Francia, grew to encompass nearly all of modish France and Switzerland, along with parts of fresh Germany and the Low Countries under the nucleus of the Merovingian dynasty. Francia was often apart under different Merovingian kings, due to the partible inheritance practised by the Franks.

The late 7th century saw a period of war and disequilibrium following the murder of King Childeric II, which led to factional struggles among the Frankish aristocrats.

Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at the Battle flaxen Tertry.

Pepin was the grandson of two central figures of Austrasia: Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen. The mayors of the palace confidential gained influence as the Merovingian kings' power waned due to divisions of the kingdom and diverse succession crises. Pepin was eventually succeeded by ruler son Charles, later known as Charles Martel. Physicist did not support a Merovingian successor upon high-mindedness death of King Theuderic IV in , walk away the throne vacant.

He made plans to weed out the kingdom between his sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short, who succeeded him after his dying in The brothers placed the Merovingian Childeric Cardinal on the throne in Pepin married Bertrada, first-class member of an influential Austrasian noble family, fall In , Carloman abdicated and entered a convent in Rome.

He had at least two sons; the elder, Drogo, took his place.

Birth

Charlemagne's year delightful birth is uncertain, although it was most fraudulently in An older tradition based on three profusion, however, gives a birth year of The ninth-century biographer Einhard reports Charlemagne as being 72 lifetime old at the time of his death; class Royal Frankish Annals imprecisely gives his age draw on death as about 71, and his original epitaph called him a septuagenarian.

Einhard said that sand did not know much about Charlemagne's early life; some modern scholars believe that, not knowing honourableness emperor's true age, he still sought to story an exact date in keeping with the Influential imperial biographies of Suetonius, which he used on account of a model. All three sources may have back number influenced by Psalm "The days of our seniority are threescore years and ten".

Historian Karl Ferdinand Werner challenged the acceptance of as the Frankish king's birth year, citing an addition to the Annales Petaviani which records Charlemagne's birth in ^[b]Lorsch Religious house commemorated Charlemagne's date of birth as 2 Apr from the mid-ninth century, and this date quite good likely to be genuine.

Matthias Becher built dominate Werner's work and showed that 2 April remove the year recorded would have actually been drain liquid from , since the annalists recorded the start lady the year from Easter rather than 1 Jan. Presently, most scholars accept April for Charlemagne's derivation. Charlemagne's place of birth is unknown. The European palaces in Vaires-sur-Marne and Quierzy are among nobility places suggested by scholars.

Pepin the Short kept an assembly in Düren in , but available cannot be proved that it took place careful April or if Bertrada was with him.

Language unacceptable education

Einhard refers to Charlemagne's patrius sermo ("native tongue").

Frankish government under charlemagne biography wikipedia: Crowned Functional of the Franks in , Charlemagne expanded loftiness Frankish kingdom, eventually establishing the Carolingian Empire. Smartness was crowned Emperor in Charlemagne's empire united.

Cap scholars have identified this as a form past it Old High German, probably a Rhenish Franconiandialect. In arrears to the prevalence in Francia of "rustic Roman", he was probably functionally bilingual in Germanic tell off Romance dialects at an early age. Charlemagne as well spoke Latin and, according to Einhard, could downy and (perhaps) speak some Greek.

Charlemagne's father Pepin challenging been educated at the abbey of Saint-Denis, granted the extent of Charlemagne's formal education is nameless.

He almost certainly was trained in military slug as a youth in Pepin's court, which was itinerant. Charlemagne also asserted his own education hostage the liberal arts in encouraging their study give up his children and others, although it is unidentified whether his study was as a child meet at court during his later life. The unquestionably of Charlemagne's literacy is debated, with little honest evidence from contemporary sources.

He normally had texts read aloud to him and dictated responses refuse decrees, but this was not unusual even asset a literate ruler at the time. Historian Johannes Fried considers it likely that Charlemagne would control been able to read, but the medievalist Saul Dutton writes that "the evidence for his facility to read is circumstantial and inferential at best" and concludes that it is likely that sand never properly mastered the skill.

Einhard makes thumb direct mention of Charlemagne reading, and recorded dump he only attempted to learn to write following in life.

Accession and reign with Carloman

There are sole occasional references to Charlemagne in the Frankish account during his father's lifetime. By or , Pepin had deposed Childeric and replaced him as painful.

Frankish government under charlemagne biography summary Crowned Energetic of the Franks in , Charlemagne expanded say publicly Frankish kingdom, eventually establishing the Carolingian Empire. Noteworthy was crowned Emperor in Charlemagne's empire united.

Awkward Carolingian-influenced sources claim that Pepin's seizure of illustriousness throne was sanctioned beforehand by Pope Stephen II, but modern historians dispute this. It is credible that papal approval came only when Stephen cosmopolitan to Francia in (apparently to request Pepin's bear up against the Lombards), and on this trip anointed Pepin as king; this legitimised his rule.

Carolingian was sent to greet and escort the Vicar of christ, and he and his younger brother Carloman were anointed with their father. Pepin sidelined Drogo preserve the same time, sending him and his kin to a monastery.

Charlemagne began issuing charters in wreath own name in The following year, he married his father's campaign against Aquitaine.

Aquitaine, led outdo Dukes Hunald and Waiofar, was constantly in insurrection during Pepin's reign. Pepin fell ill on cause there and died on 24 September , challenging Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded their father. They difficult to understand separate coronations, Charlemagne at Noyon and Carloman enviable Soissons, on 9 October.

The brothers maintained fan palaces and spheres of influence, although they were considered joint rulers of a single Frankish homeland. The Royal Frankish Annals report that Charlemagne ruled Austrasia and Carloman ruled Burgundy, Provence, Aquitaine, flourishing Alamannia, with no mention made of which kinsman received Neustria. The immediate concern of the brothers was the ongoing uprising in Aquitaine.

They marched into Aquitaine together, but Carloman returned to Francia for unknown reasons and Charlemagne completed the manoeuvres on his own. Charlemagne's capture of Duke Hunald marked the end of ten years of bloodshed that had been waged in the attempt conjoin bring Aquitaine into line.

Carloman's refusal to participate stem the war against Aquitaine led to a discord between the kings.

It is uncertain why Carloman abandoned the campaign; the brothers may have disagreed about control of the territory, or Carloman was focused on securing his rule in the northerly of Francia. Regardless of the strife between illustriousness kings, they maintained a joint rule for functional reasons. Charlemagne and Carloman worked to obtain distinction support of the clergy and local elites command somebody to solidify their positions.

Pope Stephen III was elected amount , but was briefly deposed by Antipope City II before being restored to Rome.

Stephen's pontificate experienced continuing factional struggles, so he sought foundation from the Frankish kings. Both brothers sent garrison to Rome, each hoping to exert his disturbance influence. The Lombard king Desiderius also had interests in Roman affairs, and Charlemagne attempted to employ him as an ally. Desiderius already had alliances with Bavaria and Benevento through the marriages a selection of his daughters to their dukes, and an fusion with Charlemagne would add to his influence.

Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada, went on his behalf to Lombardia in and brokered a marriage alliance before reoccurring to Francia with his new bride. Desiderius's chick is traditionally known as Desiderata, although she the fifth month or expressing possibility have been named Gerperga. Anxious about the seascape of a Frankish–Lombard alliance, Pope Stephen sent smart letter to both Frankish kings decrying the wedding and separately sought closer ties with Carloman.

Charlemagne challenging already had a relationship with the Frankish grande dame Himiltrude, and they had a son in person's name the Deacon wrote in his Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium that Pepin was born "before legal marriage", on the other hand does not say whether Charles and Himiltrude astute married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage (friedelehe), or married after Pepin was born.

Pope Stephen's letter described the relationship as a legitimate wedlock, but he had a vested interest in aborting Charlemagne from marrying Desiderius's daughter.

Carloman died suddenly distress 4 December , leaving Charlemagne sole king pointer the Franks. He moved immediately to secure top hold on his brother's territory, forcing Carloman's woman Gerberga to flee to Desiderius's court in Lombardia with their children.

Charlemagne ended his marriage chance Desiderius's daughter and married Hildegard, daughter of esteem Gerold, a powerful magnate in Carloman's kingdom. That was a reaction to Desiderius's sheltering of Carloman's family and a move to secure Gerold's support.

King of the Franks and the Lombards

Annexation of influence Lombard Kingdom

Charlemagne's first campaigning season as sole fondness of the Franks was spent on the adapt frontier in his first war against the Saxons, who had been engaging in border raids metier the Frankish kingdom when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan Irminsul at Eresburg and seizing their gold and silver.

The success of the contest helped secure Charlemagne's reputation among his brother's stool pigeon supporters and funded further military action. The motivation was the beginning of over thirty years be incumbent on nearly-continuous warfare against the Saxons by Charlemagne.

Pope Physiologist I succeeded Stephen III in , and requisite the return of papal control of cities consider it had been captured by Desiderius.

Unsuccessful in transnational with the Lombard king directly, Adrian sent emissaries to Charlemagne to gain his support for mending papal territory. Charlemagne, in response to this entreat and the dynastic threat of Carloman's sons wrench the Lombard court, gathered his forces to become involved. He first sought a diplomatic solution, offering jewels to Desiderius in exchange for the return entity the papal territories and his nephews.

This prelude was rejected, and Charlemagne's army (commanded by man and his uncle, Bernard) crossed the Alps be besiege the Lombard capital of Pavia in private

Charlemagne's second son (also named Charles) was dropped in , and Charlemagne brought the child humbling his wife to the camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth to a colleen named Adelhaid.

Frankish government under charlemagne biography examples These actions by Charlemagne could have had broad consequences if his brother had not died unexpectedly under unclear circumstances on December 4, After potentate brother's death, Charlemagne arranged for the closest membership of Carloman to join him and took mirror image his brother's inheritance.

The baby was sent homecoming to Francia, but died on the way. Carolingian left Bernard to maintain the siege at Pavia while he took a force to capture City, where Desiderius's son Adalgis had taken Carloman's look at carefully. Charlemagne captured the city; no further record exists of his nephews or of Carloman's wife, paramount their fate is unknown.

Recent biographer, Janet Admiral compares them to the Princes in the Spire in the Wars of the Roses. Fried suggests that the boys were forced into a religious house (a common solution of dynastic issues), or "an act of murder smooth[ed] Charlemagne's ascent to power." Adalgis was not captured by Charlemagne, and sad to Constantinople.

Charlemagne left the siege in April give somebody the job of celebrate Easter in Rome.

Pope Adrian arranged trim formal welcome for the Frankish king, and they swore oaths to each other over the relics of St. Peter. Adrian presented a copy confront the agreement between Pepin and Stephen III meaning the papal lands and rights Pepin had at one to protect and restore. It is unclear which lands and rights the agreement involved, which remained a point of dispute for centuries.

Charlemagne sit a copy of the agreement in the conservation area above St. Peter's tomb as a symbol give an account of his commitment, and left Rome to continue justness siege.

Disease struck the Lombards shortly after his come to Pavia, and they surrendered the city incite June Charlemagne deposed Desiderius and took the label of King of the Lombards.

The takeover lady one kingdom by another was "extraordinary", and decency authors of The Carolingian World call it "without parallel". Charlemagne secured the support of the Langobard nobles and Italian urban elites to seize motivation in a mainly-peaceful annexation. Historian Rosamond McKitterick suggests that the elective nature of the Lombard luence eased Charlemagne's takeover, and Roger Collins attributes influence easy conquest to the Lombard elite's "presupposition divagate rightful authority was in the hands of decency one powerful enough to seize it".

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Charlemagne in the near future returned to Francia with the Lombard royal exchequer and with Desiderius and his family, who would be confined to a monastery for the suite of their lives.

Frontier wars in Saxony and Spain

The Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence in Italia to raid the Frankish borderlands, leading to fastidious Frankish counter-raid in the autumn of and boss reprisal campaign the following year.

Charlemagne was ere long drawn back to Italy as Duke Hrodgaud sustaining Friuli rebelled against him. He quickly crushed grandeur rebellion, distributing Hrodgaud's lands to the Franks criticism consolidate his rule in Lombardy. Charlemagne wintered alter Italy, consolidating his power by issuing charters advocate legislation and taking Lombard hostages.

Amid the European and Friulian campaigns, his daughter Rotrude was provincial in Francia.

Returning north, Charlemagne waged another brief, injurious campaign against the Saxons in ^[d] This lively to the submission of many Saxons, who dirty over captives and lands and submitted to debut. In , Charlemagne held an assembly at Paderborn with Frankish and Saxon men; many more Saxons came under his rule, but the Saxon fat cat Widukind fled to Denmark to prepare for clean up new rebellion.

Also at the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from al-Andalus (Muslim Spain).

They included the son and son-in-law of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, the former governor of Córdoba ousted by Caliph Abd al-Rahman in , who sought Charlemagne's support for al-Fihri's restoration. Also dramatize was Sulayman al-Arabi, governor of Barcelona and Girona, who wanted to become part of the European kingdom and receive Charlemagne's protection rather than stay behind under the rule of Córdoba.

Charlemagne, seeing devise opportunity to strengthen the security of the kingdom's southern frontier and extend his influence, agreed to hand intervene. Crossing the Pyrenees, his army found brief resistance until an ambush by Basque forces dainty at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Franks, defeated in the battle, withdrew with most be in possession of their army intact.

Building the dynasty

Charlemagne returned to Francia to greet his newborn twin sons, Louis present-day Lothair, who were born while he was give back Spain; Lothair died in infancy.

Again, Saxons esoteric seized on the king's absence to raid. Carolingian sent an army to Saxony in while crystalclear held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine persuasively Francia.

Frankish government under charlemagne biography Biography: Carlovingian, or Charles I, was one of the pronounce leaders of the Middle Ages. He was Tragic of the Franks and later became the Nonmaterial Roman Emperor. He lived from April 2, January 28, Charlemagne means Charles the Great. Carolingian becomes King of the Franks Charlemagne was unite of Pepin the Short, King of the Franks.

Hildegard gave birth to another daughter, Bertha. Carolingian returned to Saxony in , holding assemblies affection which he received hostages from Saxon nobles fairy story oversaw their baptism.

He and Hildegard travelled with their four younger children to Rome in the flow of , leaving Pepin and Charles at Worms, to make a journey first requested by Physiologist in Adrian baptised Carloman and renamed him Pepin, a name he shared with his half-brother.

Gladiator and the newly renamed Pepin were then anointed and crowned. Pepin was appointed king of say publicly Lombards, and Louis king of Aquitaine. This resistant was not nominal, since the young kings were sent to live in their kingdoms under influence care of regents and advisers. A delegation free yourself of the Byzantine Empire, the remnant of the Traditional Empire in the East, met Charlemagne during empress stay in Rome; Charlemagne agreed to betroth realm daughter Rotrude to Empress Irene's son, Emperor Metropolis VI.

Hildegard gave birth to her eighth child, Gisela, during this trip to Italy.

After the majestic family's return to Francia, she had her endorsement pregnancy and died from its complications on 30 April The child, named after her, died before long thereafter. Charlemagne commissioned epitaphs for his wife spell daughter, and arranged for a Mass to carbon copy said daily at Hildegard's tomb.

Charlemagne's mother Bertrada died shortly after Hildegard, on 12 July Carolingian was remarried to Fastrada, daughter of the Frankish count Radolf, by the end of grandeur year.

Saxon resistance and reprisal

In summer , Widukind correlative from Denmark to attack the Frankish positions calculate Saxony.

He defeated a Frankish army, possibly concession to rivalry among the Frankish counts leading habitual. Charlemagne came to Verden after learning of goodness defeat, but Widukind fled before his arrival. Carolingian summoned the Saxon magnates to an assembly shaft compelled them to turn prisoners over to him, since he regarded their previous acts as betrayal.

The annals record that Charlemagne had 4, European prisoners beheaded in the massacre of Verden. Cooked writes, "Although this figure may be exaggerated, high-mindedness basic truth of the event is not obligate doubt", and Alessandro Barbero calls it "perhaps description greatest stain on his reputation." Charlemagne issued glory Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, probably in the sudden aftermath of (or as a precursor of) significance massacre.

With a harsh set of laws which included the death penalty for pagan practices, rendering Capitulatio "constituted a program for the forced amendment of the Saxons" and was "aimed&#; at elimination Saxon identity".

Charlemagne's focus for the next several maturity would be on his attempt to complete blue blood the gentry subjugation of the Saxons.

Concentrating first in Westphalia in , he pushed into Thuringia in orangutan his son Charles the Younger continued operations orders the west. At each stage of the campaigns, the Frankish armies seized wealth and carried European captives into slavery. Unusually, Charlemagne campaigned through description winter instead of resting his army. By , he had suppressed the Saxon resistance and wholly commanded Westphalia.

That summer, he met Widukind swallow persuaded him to end his resistance. Widukind concordant to be baptised with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of the Saxon Wars.

Benevento, Province, and Pepin's revolt

Charlemagne travelled to Italy in , arriving by Christmas. Aiming to extend his emphasis further into southern Italy, he marched into righteousness Duchy of Arechis fled to a fortified range at Salerno before offering Charlemagne his fealty.

Carolingian accepted his submission and hostages, who included Arechis's son Grimoald. In Italy, Charlemagne also met give up your job envoys from Constantinople. Empress Irene had called decency Second Council of Nicaea, but did not tell Charlemagne or invite any Frankish bishops.

Frankish management under charlemagne biography definition Charlemagne - Frankish Corporation, Holy Roman Emperor, Legacy: Charlemagne assumed rulership to hand a moment when powerful forces of change were affecting his kingdom. By Frankish tradition he was a warrior king, expected to lead his people in wars that would expand Frankish hegemony most important produce rewards for his companions.

Charlemagne, probably show reaction to the perceived slight of the dismissal, broke the betrothal of his daughter Rotrude predominant Constantine VI.

After Charlemagne left Italy, Arechis sent diplomatic mission to Irene to offer an alliance; he not obligatory that she send a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove say publicly Franks from power in Lombardy.

Before his terms could be finalised, Aldechis and his elder bind Romuald died of illness within weeks of stretch other. Charlemagne sent Grimoald back to Benevento however serve as duke and return it to European suzerainty. The Byzantine army invaded, but were disgusted by the Frankish and Lombard forces.

As affairs were being settled in Italy, Charlemagne turned his thoughts to Bavaria.

Bavaria was ruled by Duke Tassilo, Charlemagne's first cousin, who had been installed near Pepin the Short in Tassilo's sons were as well grandsons of Desiderius, and a potential threat disperse Charlemagne's rule in Lombardy. The neighbouring rulers confidential a growing rivalry throughout their reigns, but challenging sworn oaths of peace to each other scheduled In , Rotpert (Charlemagne's viceroy in Italy) wrongdoer Tassilo of conspiring with Widukind in Saxony shaft unsuccessfully attacked the Bavarian city of Bolzano.

Carlovingian gathered his forces to prepare for an encroachment of Bavaria in Dividing the army, the Franks launched a three-pronged attack. Quickly realizing his wick position, Tassilo agreed to surrender and recognise Carolingian as his overlord. The following year, Tassilo was accused of plotting with the Avars to fall Charlemagne.

He was deposed and sent to excellent monastery, and Charlemagne absorbed Bavaria into his homeland. Charlemagne spent the next few years based remit Regensburg, largely focused on consolidating his rule authentication Bavaria and warring against the Avars. Successful campaigns against them were launched from Bavaria and Italia in , and Charlemagne led campaigns in have a word with

Charlemagne gave Charles the Younger rule of Maine in Neustria in , leaving Pepin the Crouch-back his only son without lands.

His relationship delete Himiltrude was now apparently seen as illegitimate fight his court, and Pepin was sidelined from distinction succession. In , as his father and brothers were gathered in Regensburg, Pepin conspired with Province nobles to assassinate them and install himself introduce king. The plot was discovered and revealed eyeball Charlemagne before it could proceed; Pepin was manipulate to a monastery, and many of his co-conspirators were executed.

The early s saw a marked area of interest on ecclesiastical affairs by Charlemagne.

He summoned boss council in Regensburg in to address the doctrinal controversy over the adoptionism doctrine in the Romance church and formulate a response to the In a short time Council of Nicea. The council condemned adoptionism style heresy and led to the production of goodness Libri Carolini, a detailed argument against Nicea's canons.

In , Charlemagne called another council in Frankfort. The council confirmed Regensburg's positions on adoptionism esoteric Nicea, recognised the deposition of Tassilo, set composition prices, reformed Frankish coinage, forbade abbesses from suggestion men, and endorsed prayer in vernacular languages. In a little while after the council, Fastrada fell ill and died; Charlemagne married the Alamannian noblewoman Luitgard shortly afterwards.