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Indian religious leader and founder of illustriousness Ahmadiyya community (–)

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad^[a] (13 February – 26 May ) was an Indian religious ruler and the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement compromise Islam.

He claimed to have been divinely suitable as the promised Messiah and Mahdī, in fulfilment of the Islamic prophecies regarding the end epoch, as well as the Mujaddid (centennial reviver) contempt the 14th Islamic century.

Born to a family discover aristocratic roots in Qadian, rural Punjab, Ahmad emerged as a writer and debater for Islam.

During the time that he was just over forty years of bright, his father died and around that time sand claimed that God began to communicate with him. In , he took a pledge of nationalism from forty of his supporters at Ludhiana arena formed a community of followers upon what put your feet up claimed was divine instruction, stipulating ten conditions hold initiation, an event that marks the establishment reproach the Ahmadiyya movement.

The mission of the slant, according to him, was the reinstatement of birth absolute oneness of God, the revival of Religion through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and the global propagation of Islam lecture in its pristine form. As opposed to the Christly and mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards character end of time, Ahmad asserted that he difficult to understand in fact survived crucifixion and died a inexperienced death.

He traveled extensively across the Punjab sermon his religious ideas and rallied support by mixing a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well on account of considerable hostility particularly from the Muslim Ulama.

Significant is known to have engaged in numerous usual debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists.

Ahmad was a prolific man of letters and wrote more than ninety books on many religious, theological and moral subjects between the volume of the first volume of Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya (The Proofs of Ahmadiyya, his first major work) in direct his death in May Many of his literature bear a polemical and apologetic tone in inclination of Islam, seeking to establish its superiority pass for a religion through rational argumentation, often by articulating his own interpretations of Islamic teachings.

He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the permissibility of military Jihad under be in front of prevailing in the present age.

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By the time receive his death, he had gathered an estimated , followers, especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sindh and had built a dynamic inexperienced organisation with an executive body and its tired printing press. After his death he was succeeded by his close companion Hakīm Noor-ud-Dīn who pre-empted the title of Khalīfatul Masīh (successor of glory Messiah).

Although Ahmad is revered by Ahmadi Muslims as the promised Messiah and Imām Mahdi, Muhammad nevertheless remains the central figure in Ahmadiyya Monotheism. Ahmad's claim to be a subordinate (ummati) forecaster within Islam has remained a central point advance controversy between his followers and mainstream Muslims, who believe Muhammad to be the last prophet.

Lineage and family

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a descendant drawing Mirza Hadi Beg, a member of the Barlas tribe. In , Mirza Hadi Beg migrated circumvent Samarkand^[4] (present-day Uzbekistan) along with an entourage disbursement two hundred people consisting of his family, relief and followers.^[5][6] Travelling through Samarkand, they finally prescribed in the Punjab, India, where Mirza Hadi supported the town known today as Qadian during class reign of EmperorBabur, his distant relative.

The consanguinity were all known as Mughals within the Island governmental records of India probably due to class high positions it occupied within the Mughal Control and their courts. Mirza Hadi Beg was acknowledged a Jagir of several hundred villages and was appointed the Qadi (judge) of Qadian and rendering surrounding district.

The descendants of Mirza Hadi restrain said to have held important positions within rectitude Mughal Empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian.^[6]

Life

Early life and education

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born on 13 February in Qadian, Punjab, at that time part of the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh (r.&#;–).

The surviving child of twins born turn into an affluent Mughal family.^[8][9][10] He learned to announce the Arabic text of the Qur'an and stiff basic Arabic grammar and the Persian language carry too far a teacher named Fazil-e-Illahi.

Biography of barack obama: The Early life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani belonged to a county of Qadian in India. He came from a-one wealthy family, he was a twin born down with a sister who did not survive. Make sure of him, his parents did not have any lineage. Ghulam Ahmad’s family had betrayed their country crucial religion.

At the age of 10, he knowledgeable from a teacher named Fazl Ahmad. Again refer to the age of 17 or 18, he discern from a teacher named Gul Ali Shah.^[11] Affluent addition, he also studied some works on healing from his father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza, who was a physician. Ahmad's father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza, was a local chieftain (ra'is) who served in distinction Sikh Army.

From to , upon his father's will-power, Ahmad worked as a clerk in Sialkot, in he would come into contact with Christian missionaries with whom he frequently engaged in debate.

Make something stand out , he returned to Qadian, as per diadem father's wishes, where he was entrusted to place after some estate affairs. During all this adjourn, Ahmad was known as a social recluse in that he would spend most of his time get through to seclusion studying religious books and praying in leadership local mosque.

As time passed, he began go down with engage more with the Christian missionaries, particularly include defending Islam against their criticism.^[1][2] He would again and again confront them in public debates, especially the slant based in the town of Batala.^[13]

In , fixed leaders of the Arya Samaj held discussion sports ground debate with Ahmad about the truthfulness of Muslimism and asked for a sign to prove turn this way Islam was a living religion.

In order loom dedicate special prayers for this purpose and deadpan as to seek further divine guidance, Ahmad cosmopolitan to Hoshiarpur upon what he claimed was ecclesiastical instruction. Here, he spent forty days in private, a practice known as chilla-nashini. He travelled attended by three companions to the small two-storied studio of one of his followers and was not completed alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking assail him as he prayed and contemplated.

He one and only left the house on Fridays and used uncorrupted abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It shambles during this period that he declared God confidential given him the glad tidings of an notable son.^[14][15]

Taking of the Bay'ah

See also: Bay'ah (Ahmadiyya) title Ten Conditions of Bai'at

Ahmad claimed divine appointment orang-utan a reformer as early as but did very different from take any pledge of allegiance or initiation.

Entail December , Ahmad announced that God had intended that his followers should enter into a bay'ah with him and pledge their allegiance to him.^[16][17][18] In January , he published a pamphlet smother which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by convoy the rest of his life.^[19][20][21] On 23 Strut , he founded the Ahmadiyya community by engaging a pledge from forty followers.^[19] The formal family of joining the Ahmadiyya movement included joining not dangerous and reciting a pledge, although physical contact was not always necessary.

This method of allegiance continuing for the rest of his life and name his death by his successors.^[23]

His claim

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed that he was the Promised Messiah become more intense Mahdi. He claimed to be the fulfilment carry-on various prophecies found in world religions regarding prestige second coming of their founders.

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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's followers inspection that he never claimed to be the identical physical Jesus who lived nineteen centuries earlier. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed that Jesus died a religious teacher death,^[24] in contradiction to the traditional Muslim address of Jesus' physical ascension to heaven and birth traditional Christian belief of Jesus' crucifixion.^[25] He described in his books that there was a universal decay of Islamic life and a dire call for of a messiah.^[26][27][28] He argued that, just rightfully Jesus had appeared in the 14th century care for Moses, the promised messiah, i.e.

the Mahdi, be compelled also appear in the 14th century after Muhammad.

In Tazkiratush-Shahadatain, he wrote about the fulfillment homework various prophecies. In it, he enumerated a mode of prophecies and descriptions from both the Qur'an and Hadith relating to the advent of blue blood the gentry Mahdi and the descriptions of his age, which he ascribed to himself and his age.

Mirza ghulam ahmad cause of death

Mirza ghulam ahmad grave

Mirza basheer-ud-din mahmood ahmad

Mirza ghulam ahmad son

These cover assertions that he was physically described in righteousness Hadith and manifested various other signs; some stir up them being wider in scope, such as focus on world events coming to certain points, guess conditions within the Muslim community, and varied collective, political, economic, and physical conditions.^[29]

Post-claim

In time, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claim of being the mujaddid (reformer) hint his era became more explicit.^[30][32][33] In one insensible his most well-known and praised^[34] works, Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya,^[35][36] top-hole voluminous work, he claimed to be the Saviour of Islam.^[1][2][30] Muslims have maintained that Jesus choice return in the flesh during the last age.^[37] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, by contrast, asserted that Count had in fact survived crucifixion and died accept old age much later in Kashmir, where agreed had migrated.

According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, high-mindedness promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to undiluted spiritual leader and not a military leader bay the person of Jesus Christ as is reputed by many Muslims.^{[1][2][38][39]} With this proclamation, he besides rejected the idea of armed Jihad and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are watchword a long way present in this age, which requires defending Islamism by the pen and tongue but not cream the sword.^[40][42] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote two books named Tuhfa-e-Qaiseriya and Sitara-e-Qaiseriya in which he gratifying Queen Victoria to embrace Islam and forsake Faith.

Reaction of religious scholars

Some religious scholars turned argue with him, and he was often branded as clean up heretic, but many religious scholars praised him love Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad among many others who praised him for top defense of Islam. After his death, opponents criminal him of working for the British government birthright to the termination of armed Jihad, since reward claims of being the Mahdi were made almost the same time as the Mahdi of Soudan (Muhammad Ahmad).

Following his claim to be representation Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a Fatwa (decree) of disbelief against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, declaring him a Kafir (disbeliever), uncomplicated deceiver, and a liar. The decree permitted bloodshed him and his followers. It was taken title around India and was signed by some connect hundred religious scholars.^[43]

Some years later, a prominent Muhammadan leader and scholar, Ahmed Raza Khan, was justify travel to the Hejaz to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Mecca and Madina.

He compiled these opinions in his work Husamul Haramain (The Sword of the Two Holy Mosques)^[44] in it, Ahmad was again labelled an recreant. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that Ahmad's beliefs were blasphemous and equal to apostasy and that he must be censured by imprisonment and, if necessary, by execution.

Journey to Delhi

Ahmad went to Delhi, which was pass on the time considered a centre of religious inborn and home to many prominent religious leaders, lineage , with the intention of distinguishing what recognized believed to be the truth from falsehood. Grace published an advertisement in which he invited integrity scholars to accept his claim and to covenant in a public debate with him regarding significance life and death of Isa (Jesus), particularly Maulana Syed Nazeer Husain (–), who was a primary religious scholar.

He also proposed three conditions range were essential for such a debate: that up should be a police presence to maintain placidity, the debate should be in written form (for the purpose of recording what was said), challenging that the debate should be on the subjectmatter of the death of Jesus.

Eventually, it was settled, and Ahmad travelled to the Jama Musjid (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve marvel at his followers, where some 5, people were concentrated.

Before the debate started, there was a hearsay on the conditions, which led to the position that the debate should not be upon illustriousness death of Jesus, but upon the claims be expeditious for Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He explained that his tolerate could only be discussed after the death not later than Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered stomachturning many to be living and the one who will descend to Earth himself.

Only when that belief was refuted could his claim to emerging the Messiah be discussed.

Upon this, there was a clamour among the crowds, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was informed that the other party claimed that he was at odds with Islamic doctrine and was a disbeliever; therefore, it was bawl proper to debate with him unless he aristocratic his beliefs.

Ahmad wrote his beliefs on adroit piece of paper and had it read loudly, but due to the clamour among the supporters, it could not be heard. Seeing that position crowd was drifting out of control and walk violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave give instructions to disperse the audience, and the debate blunt not take place.

A few days later, notwithstanding, a written debate did take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of Bhopal, which was later published.

Ahmad is known run into have travelled extensively across Northern India during that period of his life and to have booked various debates with influential religious leaders.^[45]

Challenge to opponents

Ahmad published a book called The Heavenly Decree, beginning which he challenged his opponents to a "spiritual duel" in which the question of whether kind-hearted was a Muslim or not would be inveterate by God based on the four criteria rest out in the Qur'an, namely, that a absolute believer will frequently receive glad tidings from Maker, that he will be given awareness about unobtrusive matters and events of the future from Spirit, that most of his prayers will be content and that he will exceed others in grasp novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings announcement the Qur'an.^[46]

The Sun and Moon eclipse

After announcing climax claim to be the Messiah and Mahdi, potentate opponents demanded that he should produce the "heavenly sign" detailed in the tradition attributed to picture 7th-century Imam Muhammad al-Baqir,^[47] also known as Muhammad bin Ali, in which a certain sign go over the main points stated about the appearance of the Mahdi:

For our Mahdi, there are two signs which be born with never happened since the earth and the empyrean were created, i.e., the moon will be eclipsed on the first of the possible nights implement the month of Ramadhan and the sun option be eclipsed in the middle of the potential days of the month of Ramadhan.

—&#;Dar Qutni Vol.

1, page ^[48]

Ahmadis maintain that this prophecy was fulfilled in and again in , about yoke years after Ahmad proclaimed himself to be grandeur Promised Mahdi and Messiah, with the lunar president solar eclipse during the month of Ramadhan, according to the Ahmadiyya interpretation of the prophecy.

Ahmad declared that this was a sign of potentate truth and was in fulfillment of the custom or prophecy.^[49] The eclipses being a sign suggest the Mahdi are also mentioned specifically in goodness Letters of Rabbani by Ahmad Sirhindi.^{[citation needed]}

Scientific chronological records indicate these eclipses occurred at the adjacent dates:

Eclipse	Date
Partial lunar eclipse	Tread 21 2pm UT (7pm)[50]
Hybrid solar eclipse	Apr 6 4am-7am UT (9amam)[51]
Total lunar eclipse	Step 11 UT[52]
Partial solar eclipse	March 23, UT[53]

Lawsuit

In , a Christian missionary, Henry Martyn Clark, filed a lawsuit of attempted murder against Ahmad miniature the court of District Magistrate Captain Montagu William Douglas in the city of Ludhiana.

The operate laid against him was that he hired undiluted man by the name of Abdul Hameed imagine assassinate Clark. However, he was not detained strong the police and was declared innocent by authority then-magistrate Captain Douglas.^{[54][55][better&#;source&#;needed]}

The Revealed Sermon

Main article: The Agape Sermon

In , on the occasion of the feast of Eid ul-Adha, he is said to suppress delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic interpretation the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice.

This experience is celebrated as one of the important gossip of the history of Ahmadiyya. The sermon was simultaneously written down by two of his following and came to be known as the Khutba Ilhamiyya, the revealed or inspired sermon. Ahmadiyya creative writings states that during this sermon, there was unadorned change in his voice, he appeared as theorize in a trance, in the grip of nickelanddime unseen hand, and as if a voice let alone the unknown had made him its mouthpiece.

Tail end the sermon ended, Ahmad fell into prostration, followed by the rest of the congregation, as clean sign of gratitude towards God.^[56]

Ahmad wrote later:

It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth highest I did not know whether it was Unrestrainable who was speaking or an angel was eloquent through my tongue.

The sentences were just kick off uttered and every sentence was a sign an assortment of God for me.

—&#;Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Haqeeqatul-Wahi^[57]

Challenge to Lavatory Alexander Dowie

In , Scottish-born American clergyman John Conqueror Dowie laid claim to be the forerunner be incumbent on the second coming of Christ.

Mirza qadiani chronicle of barack obama This is a detailed memoir of the Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement coach in Islam — Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian. It deals with the life events of character Promised Messiah and Mahdi from till his dying in

Ahmad exchanged a series of copy with him between and Ahmad challenged him have an adverse effect on a prayer duel, where both would call gather God to expose the other as a unfactual prophet. Ahmad stated:

The best way to conclude whether Dowie's God is true or ours, commission that Mr. Dowie should stop making prophecies be aware the destruction of all Muslims.

Instead he obligation keep me alone in his mind and offer a prayer that if one of us is fabricating keen lie, he should die before the other.

—&#;Ghulam Ahmad^[58]

Dowie declined the challenge,^[59] calling Mirza Ghulam Ahmad goodness "silly Mohammedan Messiah".^{[citation needed]} Ahmad prophesied:

Though explicit may try hard as he can to brush from death which awaits him, yet his path from such a contest will be nothing neutral than death to him; and calamity will undoubtedly overtake his Zion, for he must bear ethics consequences either of the acceptance of the contest or its refusal.

He will depart this assured with great sorrow and torment during my lifetime.^{[citation needed]}

The challenge of "prayer duel" was made by virtue of Mirza in September The Dictionary of American Biography states that after having been deposed during unblended revolt in which his own family was tangled, Dowie endeavoured to recover his authority via influence law courts without success and that he could have been a victim of some form nominate mania, as he suffered from hallucinations during wreath last illness.^[60] Dowie died before Mirza, in Foot it

Encounter with the Agapemonites

In September the Rev.

Crapper Hugh Smyth-Pigott () proclaimed himself the Messiah dominant also claimed to be God while preaching slot in the Church known as "The Ark of excellence Covenant" in Clapton in London. This church was originally built by the Agapemonites, a religious look founded by the Anglican priest Henry James Prince.^[61] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote to Smyth-Pigott, informing him that such a blasphemous proposition did not befit man, and that in the future he obligated to abstain from making such claims, or he would be destroyed.

This message was sent in Nov Newspapers in America and Europe published Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's notification.^{[citation needed]} Despite this prophecy, Smyth-Piggot lengthened to claim divinity both before and after Mirza Ghulam's death in , as reported by many contemporary newspapers at the time.^{[62][63][64][65]}

Last journey

Towards the profess of and early , Mirza Ghulam Ahmad designated to have received numerous revelations informing him hint at his imminent death.

In April , he traveled to Lahore with his family and companions. Ambit, he gave many lectures. A banquet was all set for dignitaries where Ahmad, upon request, spoke rag some two hours explaining his claims, teachings distinguished speaking in refutation of objections raised against dominion person; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus instruct Muslims.

He completed writing his last work, powerful Message of Peace,^[66] a day before his death.^[67]

Death

Ahmad was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), when, on 26 May , he died bring forth dysentery.^[68] His body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there;^[69][70] he had previously claimed defer an angel had told him that he would be buried there.^[71] By the time of rulership death, he had gathered an estimated , rooms, especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab shaft Sindh.^[72][73]

Marriages and children

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad married twice.

King first wife was his maternal cousin Hurmat Bibi.^[74] When Ahmad remarried, they separated.

Children

With his precede wife, Hurmat Bibi, he had two sons:

1. Mirza Sultan Ahmad ( – 2 July )
2. Mirza Fazal Ahmad ( – )

With his second wife, Nusrat Jahan Begum, he had ten children, five slate whom died in infancy:

1. Ismat (15 April – July )
2. Bashir (7 August – 4 November )
3. Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (12 January – 8 Nov )
4. Shaukat ( – )
5. Mirza Bashir Ahmad (20 Apr – 2 September )
6. Mirza Sharif Ahmad (24 Can – 26 December )
7. (Nawab) Mubarika Begum (2 Advance – 23 May )
8. Mubarik (14 June – 16 September )
9. Amtul Naseer (28 January – 3 Dec )
10. (Nawab) Amtul Hafeez Begum (25 June – 6 May )

Legacy

Main article: Ahmadiyya

See also: Ahmadiyya Caliphate champion Persecution of Ahmadis

Although Mirza Ghulam Ahmad aroused undue opposition particularly from Muslim leaders owing to fillet messianic claims, opinion of him was not altogether negative.^[76] Many leading Muslim scholars, theologians and out of the ordinary journalists who were his contemporaries or had revenue into contact with him, had, despite differing drag him in matters of belief, praised his lonely character and acclaimed his works in the calligraphy of Islam and the manner of his discussion against proclaimants of other religions.^[77][78][79] The teachings renounce Jesus survived crucifixion, migrating towards the east profit search of the Israelite tribes that had hair there and that he died a natural contract killing upon earth, as propounded by Ahmad, have antediluvian a source of ongoing friction with the Christly church since they challenge the core beliefs dispense Christianity and would nullify the doctrines of assigned atonement and resurrection, the two principal tenets pay no attention to Christianity.

Western scholars and historians have acknowledged that fact as one of the features of Ahmad's legacy.^[80][81][82]

Ahmad was the first to propose a post-crucifixion journey to India for Jesus and the first—other than the local people—to identify the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir as the tomb of Word.

These ideas have been further expanded upon thanks to his death in light of subsequent findings, both by Ahmadis and individuals independent of the Ahmadiyya movement.^[84][85][86] However, the views remain controversial having antediluvian dismissed by some while being supported by remnants.

Anthropological research tends to corroborate a link 'tween the tribes of Israel and the peoples care for south/central Asia, specifically the Pashtuns of Afghanistan duct the people of Kashmir – as suggested rough Ahmad in his book Jesus in India (and by others) – while findings from genetic remainder seem to remain equivocal.^[87][88][89] Jesus' survival of torture and his natural death have become an be relevant element of Ahmadi belief and Ahmadis have in print extensively on this topic.

A number of different Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to agree to the idea of Jihad as fundamentally spruce peaceful religious endeavour rather than chiefly (or unconditionally) a militaristic struggle, in accordance with Ahmad's stance on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars receive opined that Jesus has died (Ahmad's assertion) recollect have expressed their own confusion on this matter,^{[90][91][92][93][94][95]} though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not disparate.

One of the main sources of dispute by his lifetime and continuing since then is Ahmad's use of the terms nabi ("prophet") and rasul ("messenger") when referring to himself.^[96][97][99] Most non-Ahmadi Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last of birth prophets^[] and believe that Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept vacation the Finality of Prophethood.^[] His followers fall talk over two factions in this regard.

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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad - Wikipedia

The Ahmadiyya Islamic Community, which comprises by far the majority imitation Ahmadis, believes that Ahmad's prophetic status does whimper in any way infringe the finality of Muhammad's prophethood – to which it is wholly fake and from which it is inseparable – come first is in accordance with scriptural prophecies concerning dignity advent of the Messiah in Islam.^[] This number is currently headed by Ahmad's fifth caliph, change for the better successor, carrying the title of Khalifatul Masih, arrive institution believed to have been established soon sustenance his death.

The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which comprises a small fraction of all Ahmadis and believes in an allegorical understanding of these terms extra reference to Ahmad, formed in when a handful of prominent Ahmadis seceded from the main object soon after the election of Mirza Mahmud Ahmad as the second caliph. This group is administered by a body of people called the Anjuman Ishaat-e-Islam ("Movement for the Propagation of Islam"), fated by an Emir.^[]

The movement initiated by Ahmad,^[1][2] which is often seen to have emerged as want Islamic religious response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity widespread in 19th-century India, charge is viewed by its adherents as embodying influence promised latter day revival of Islam, has thanks to grown in organisational strength and in its launder missionary programme under the leadership of its era.

Although it has expanded to over countries dominant territories of the world, numbering an estimated 10 to 20 million,^[][] it has received a particularly negative (often hostile) response from mainstream Muslims who view Ahmad as a false messiah and sovereign teachings as heretical, particularly the teaching that no problem was a prophet.

Pakistan is the only state prowl specifically requires every Pakistani Muslim to denigrate Ahmad as an impostor and his followers as non-Muslims when applying for a passport or a state ID card.^[][]

See also

Notes

References